Zen Gardens Essay - 1489 Words

Zen Gardens Zen Buddhism began to show up in Japan during the eighth century. It went through various periods of popularity and disregard, but constituted one of the most important influences on Japanese culture. All Buddhist temples include gardens. The first temple gardens evolved from well-groomed landscaping around Shinto shrines. Later, the gates and grounds surrounding Buddhist temples began to use gardens to beautify the temple, similar to the Heian mansion gardens. Jodo Buddhism (Pure Land) used temple gardens as a way to symbolize the pure land created by Amida Buddha to aid suffering souls in pursuit of enlightenment. These Zen gardens were meant to encompass the nature of the universe. The garden†¦show more content†¦Fishing on small boats to catch fish in their ponds was one popular activity. Poetry reading and writing was also essential. According to Feng shui, all structures have to be laid out carefully along compass lines and in certain configurations to allow ki (Chinese chi), the mystic energy of life to flow properly. A reduced ki flow in a home was thought to cause sickness and disharmony. For example, the builders, after consulting with a Yin-yang diviner, would usually create special arrangements to prevent bad ki from entering the home from the northwest. In the first Japanese garden design manual, the Sakuteiki, it is explained how water courses should flow from the northwest to the southeast so that any bad ki could be cleansed by the protective deity of the east Kamogawa (blue dragon), then proceed west again passing under a veranda of the house so as to draw away any evil spirits that might have somehow slipped into the house. Heavy stones were thought to serve as gates or landing points for spirits and were thus placed very carefully. Other design rules applied as well. Influenced by esoteric Buddhis m, the garden design was expected to include an island in a pond connected to the mainland by a bridge. This represented the world of enlightenment separated from the world of man. The bridges were frequently arched and coated with bright red lacquer (another Chinese influence). The Heian noblesShow MoreRelatedThe Culture Of Japan And Japan1187 Words   |  5 PagesJapan has been one of the very few countries in the world that is influenced from Zen Buddhist and Shino ideas. This culture is very distinct and also carries specific traditions and consists of living life a different way from other religions around the world. In addition, Japan has been known for their amazing work in architecture which is said to have been guided by Chinese architecture in the past. Surprisingly, gardens are something that Japan has been known for as well as they contain many differentRead More Muromachi Period Essay1738 Words   |  7 Pages The Muromachi style of Zen Buddhism has influence art and design ever since it’s beginning in the 14th century. Although it was influenced by the Chinese styles at a parallel time, they both are still influential and noticed in today’s world. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;For years Japanese Ink Painting continued to be consistent with a basis on nature, and simplicity. Was the beginning of Minimalism in Japan? Was it intentional? The open composition of space and content on paper is a key of today’sRead MoreZen And Pure Land Buddhism1470 Words   |  6 PagesA brief comparison between Zen and Pure Land Buddhism, both of these are very popular amongst the Vietnamese community. The word Zen has been used many times in the West, due to the hard work of Japanese culture; Zen Buddhism does not have a strong influence as that of the Pure Land Buddhism. Also in the school of Zen, they reject claims of scriptural authority and embrace many different practices. Zen Buddhism rests on claims to an exclusive lineage that has been passed down from teacherRead MoreClassical Chinese Garden Of Suzhou And Japanese Dry Landscape Garden1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe Interpretation of Nature in Classical Chinese Garden of Suzhou and Japanese Dry Landscape Garden of Ryoan-ji Luis Barragà ¡n, the influential Mexican minimalist architect and Pritzker Prize winner once said that, â€Å"In the creation of a garden, the architect invites the partnership of the Kingdom of Nature. In a beautiful garden the majesty of nature is ever present, but it is nature reduced to human proportions and thus transformed into the most efficient haven against the aggressiveness of contemporaryRead MoreArt Of Evoking Nature s Majesty Within A Tight Space1313 Words   |  6 Pages A Japanese garden embodies the art of evoking nature’s majesty within a tight space. Throughout 5th to 8th century Japanese gardens sprung up for ritual purposes. From the late 8th to the 12th century the Japanese gardens started to become more of aesthetic and social piece. These Japanese gardens hold many styles and elements. What make a Japanese garden so special are the natural materials, evoking the beauty of nature on a smaller scale. They’re three types of Japanese gardens the most commonRead MoreThe Chinese Garden At The Huntington Library1850 Words   |  8 PagesThe Chinese garden at the Huntington Library was an extravagant garden. The Chinese garden included water, rocks, plants, architecture, and arts. The Chinese garden created multiple feelings. The flowers in the garden provided a special feeling to the season. The water creates a feeling of a forever ongoing life and the rocks a neutral balance in the surrounding environment. The arts created a feeling that encourages people to look for the literary, philosophical, and artistic traditions of ChinaRead MoreJapanese Gardens : A Garden Style1450 Words   |  6 PagesJapanese Gardens is a garden style that originated in Japan with a design elements that in line with the Buddhism belief. Buddhist teaching is symbolized in the different elements are make up the garden as a whole. The specific element that will be focused on in this paper is water, stone, architectural elements of paths, stone lanterns, pagodas and bridges. Buddhism religion was used in the inspiration of all the elements in the Japanese Gardens. The Japanese Garden that used to break down theRead MoreEssay on Yamashiro Restaurant Review1661 Words   |  7 Pagesrenown landmark, Yamashiro palace, to the left, are the hillside terrace garden with a walk way leading through the vibrant flowers, shrubs, trees, goldfishes, and the stunning view of Los Angeles. Inside contains the lavish woodwork and silk wallpaper that has not been torn down due to its significance this structure had in Los Angeles history. People that go there have a choice of where they prefer to be seated: The Japanese Garden Court, Koi room, Skyview room, Sunset room, pool bar, or the loungeRead MoreEssay about Japanese Gardens2462 Words   |  10 PagesJapanese Gardens The role of gardens play a much more important role in Japan than here in the United States. This is due primarily to the fact the Japanese garden embodies native values, cultural beliefs and religious principles. Perhaps this is why there is no one prototype for the Japanese garden, just as there is no one native philosophy or aesthetic. In this way, similar to other forms of Japanese art, landscape design is constantly evolving due to exposure to outside influences, mainlyRead MoreEssay on Religions and Japanese Culture597 Words   |  3 Pagesthat big and great exists only because Kami, or spirit, resides within the mountain. In this fashion, they give great respect to nature. These Shinto beliefs have great influence on the ways Japanese today do things and their values. Japanese garden designs also reflect Shinto beliefs. Careful arrangements of rocks and plants are attempts to create a miniature universe or attempts to move a piece of nature into their house. Similarl y, the principles of floral design show their interest in nature

Child Labor And Sweatshops - 1465 Words

If anyone was asked if they support child labour or sweatshops, they would most likely say no, but can people say with certainty that the clothes they are wearing have not been made in a sweatshop? A sweatshop is a manufacturing facility where workers endure poor working conditions, long hours, low wages and other violations of labor rights. Companies are profiting off developing countries need to work but customers can reverse this by being mindful of how often and what they are buying. The sweatshop has come to symbolize the greed of the clothing industry. (Smestad, 2009). Although some clothes are inexpensive on the price tag, the real expense is the people making the clothes. Ethical clothing is the answer to prevent sweatshops, while†¦show more content†¦Companies try and pass it down the supply chain to until it reaches those who cannot pass it down any more. The people making these clothes are the most vulnerable, those who have no voice, there are garment factory wo rkers in Bangladesh, China, Cambodia, cotton farmers in India and the child slaves working in cotton farms in Uzbekistan. Some sweatshop workers speak out on their experience. A young woman named Aracerly talks about her experience working in a sweatshop. She works on her feet for more than 12 hours a day getting payed 80 dollars weekly. Her palms are calloused and has burn marks that were not treated properly in the sewing shops. She is exposed to poisonous elements and using unsafe equipment without suitable protection. Most people working in sweat shops are forced to work in the farms and factories that produce the imputes for our clothing in the industry. Their wages are so low that they are unable to lift themselves or their families out of poverty, and the cycle continues. Apart from lowering wages, firms also try to offset their loss by asking suppliers to cut their whole sale prices. Suppliers say that because their desperate for business they either cut their prices or loose out on business (Scharwath, 2015). Suppliers try then to offset their losses by cutting back on maintaining a safe work environment which can lead to tragedies, such as the Rana Plaza collapse in 2013 where 1137Show MoreRelatedSweatshops and Child Labor1898 Words   |  8 PagesSweatshop is defined as a factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions. Sweatshops also referred to as the â€Å"sweat factory†, creates a hazardous and unhealthy working environment for employees such as the exposure to harmful materials, dangerous situations, extreme temperatures and abuse from employers. Sweatshop workers work for long hours, sometimes without taking any breaks, and these w orkersRead MoreThe Problem of Sweatshops and Child Labor Essay683 Words   |  3 PagesRegardless of gender or age, some companies subject their employees to harsh working conditions, under minimum wage payment, exhausting working hours, and even corporal and/or physical assault. These Sweatshops are still going on today and very little has been done. Many children are working in sweatshops at this present time. According to Chitra Divakaruni, those children are sold to employers by their parents at the age of 5 or 6...these children, spend their days in dark, ill-ventilated rooms doingRead MoreSweatshops and Child Labor Essay1762 Words   |  8 PagesSamsung Electronics said it has found evidence of suspected child labour at a factory of its Chinese supplier Dongguan Shinyang Electronics. The firm conducted an investigation into the supplier after New York-based campaign group, China Labor Watch, accused it of hiring children. - - - BBC - 14 July 2014 The majority of Americans would be horrified to support a business that exploits the use of child labor to produce its goods. However, odds are we all supported these businesses the lastRead More Child Labor and Sweatshops are a Current Problem in the Fashion Industry1571 Words   |  7 PagesChild Labor and Sweatshops are a Current Problem in the Fashion Industry   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many societies face the much overlooked problem of child labor and sweatshops in the fashion industry. Recently, Americans were stunned to learn that their apple pie sweetheart, Kathie Lee Gifford was associated with the exploitation of underage workers in Honduras. Giffords story began the resurgence of knowledge of the growing problem of sweatshops in todays society. Contrary to popular belief, sweatshopsRead MoreFlorence Kelley’s Description of Child Labor and Sweatshops Essay2079 Words   |  9 Pageseighteen-hundreds, there was the desire for cheap labor. Consumer demand for clothes and manufactured products played a big part in this issue. The desire for manufacturers to meet the increasing consumer demand ultimately led to the hiring of children and other individuals. To reduce expenditures, working conditions did not play a major concern in the factory owners’ decisions. These factories were not very safe and sanitation was poor . Oftentimes many of these sweatshop workers were found working many hoursRead MoreComing From The Republic Of Ghana1527 Words   |  7 PagesComing from The Republic of Ghana, I know firsthand that sweatshops and the child labor that takes place in them can be both dehumanizing and destructive. However, I also understand the benefits of sweatshops. Despite all the facts that prove that sweatshops and the child labor that happens in them are bad, the truth of the matter is that some places have now become so dependent on the income they are receiving from sweatshops that there is no alternative in their minds. In addition, some kids haveRead MoreSweatshops : The United States Of America1651 Words   |  7 PagesSweatshops can be defined in many different ways. Sweatshops are factories that don’t follow U.S. fundamental labor laws. This includes; if the workers are getting paid enough; or if they are getting taken advantage of because of age. Sweatshops are factories that mostly make clothing, and have workers that work long hours at low costs in terrible conditions. In fact, this happens mostly in underdeveloped or developing countries. According to the website, â€Å"dosomething.org† in the article â€Å"11Read MoreChinas Factories and Sweatshop 1125 Words   |  4 PagesChina Sweatshop When you go shopping to Walmart or Apple ask yourself where your product is coming from. China has numerous sweatshop factories assembling USAs products from stores as Apple and Walmart. China’s Sweatshop tends to violate human labor’s rights by forcing overtime and going under the mandatory minimum wage and other violations as long hour without pay, sexual, and physical harassment. Chinas sweatshop factory tends to be quite popular because is cheap labor, free trade zone, orRead MoreSweatshops And The United States Essay1344 Words   |  6 Pagesmanufactured overseas in sweatshops. Since the beginning of factories and businesses, owners have always looked for a way to cut production costs while still managing to produce large quantities of their product. It was found that the best way to cut costs was to utilize cheap labor in factories known as sweatshops. According to the US General Account Office, sweatshops are defined as a â€Å"business that regularly violates both wage or child labor and safety or health laws†. These sweatshops exploit their workersRead MoreEssay on The Industrial Revolution:Lesson Learned?921 Words   |  4 Pageshorrid period of time for people of the working class. The Industrial Revolution brought pain, suffering, and deaths to huge amounts of people, and yet, the economists off today have not learned the lesson. Sweatshops are the modern day versions of factories during the Industrial Revolution. Sweatshops and factories of the Industrial Revolution share many similarities in both the way they run and the owners who run them. Both facilities enforce poor working conditions and unfair pay, employ children that

The Best of Times the Worst of Times Free Essays

Comfort women were women and girls forced into a prostitution corps created by the Empire of Japan. [1] The name â€Å"comfort women† is a translation of a Japanese name ianfu ( ). [2][3] Ianfu is a euphemism for shofu ( ) whose meaning is â€Å"prostitute(s)†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Best of Times the Worst of Times or any similar topic only for you Order Now [4] The earliest reporting on the issue in South Korea stated it was not a voluntary force,[5] and since 1989 a number of women have come forward testifying they were kidnapped by Imperial Japanese soldiers. Historians such as Lee Yeong-Hun[6] and Ikuhiko Hata stated the recruitment of comfort women was voluntary. 7] Other historians, using the testimony of ex-comfort women and surviving Japanese soldiers have argued the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy were either directly or indirectly involved in coercing, deceiving, luring, and sometimes kidnapping young women throughout Japan’s occupied territories. [8] Estimates vary as to how many women were involved, with numbers ranging from as low as 20,000 from some Japanese scholars[9] to as high as 410,000 from some Chinese scholars,[10] but the exact numbers are still being researched and debated. A majority of the women were from Korea, China, Japan and the Philippines,[11] although women from Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, Indonesia and other Japanese-occupied territories were used for military â€Å"comfort stations†. Stations were located in Japan, China, the Philippines, Indonesia, then Malaya, Thailand, Burma, New Guinea, Hong Kong, Macau, and French Indochina. [12] According to testimony, young women from countries under Japanese Imperial control were abducted from their homes. In many cases, women were also lured with promises of work in factories or restaurants. Once recruited, the women were incarcerated in â€Å"comfort stations† in foreign lands. [13] A Dutch government study described how the Japanese military itself recruited women by force in the Dutch East Indies. [14] It revealed that a total of 300 Dutch women had been coerced into Japanese military sex slavery[15] How to cite The Best of Times the Worst of Times, Essay examples The Best of Times the Worst of Times Free Essays Comfort women were women and girls forced into a prostitution corps created by the Empire of Japan. [1] The name â€Å"comfort women† is a translation of a Japanese name ianfu ( ). [2][3] Ianfu is a euphemism for shofu ( ) whose meaning is â€Å"prostitute(s)†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Best of Times the Worst of Times or any similar topic only for you Order Now [4] The earliest reporting on the issue in South Korea stated it was not a voluntary force,[5] and since 1989 a number of women have come forward testifying they were kidnapped by Imperial Japanese soldiers. Historians such as Lee Yeong-Hun[6] and Ikuhiko Hata stated the recruitment of comfort women was voluntary. 7] Other historians, using the testimony of ex-comfort women and surviving Japanese soldiers have argued the Imperial Japanese Army and Navy were either directly or indirectly involved in coercing, deceiving, luring, and sometimes kidnapping young women throughout Japan’s occupied territories. [8] Estimates vary as to how many women were involved, with numbers ranging from as low as 20,000 from some Japanese scholars[9] to as high as 410,000 from some Chinese scholars,[10] but the exact numbers are still being researched and debated. A majority of the women were from Korea, China, Japan and the Philippines,[11] although women from Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Taiwan, Indonesia and other Japanese-occupied territories were used for military â€Å"comfort stations†. Stations were located in Japan, China, the Philippines, Indonesia, then Malaya, Thailand, Burma, New Guinea, Hong Kong, Macau, and French Indochina. [12] According to testimony, young women from countries under Japanese Imperial control were abducted from their homes. In many cases, women were also lured with promises of work in factories or restaurants. Once recruited, the women were incarcerated in â€Å"comfort stations† in foreign lands. [13] A Dutch government study described how the Japanese military itself recruited women by force in the Dutch East Indies. [14] It revealed that a total of 300 Dutch women had been coerced into Japanese military sex slavery[15] How to cite The Best of Times the Worst of Times, Essays

Failure of Democracy in Pakistan free essay sample

Pakistan, since its day of inception, has faced several challenges to establish a true democratic system, which could guarantee its survival, stability and development. Unfortunately, the plant of democracy has not taken its roots deep enough to make the country, â€Å"a durable democratic state†. Pakistan was conceived on the Islamic ideology which is truly democratic both in letter and spirit, but we remained incapable of sticking to the guiding principles of Islam. Keeping in view the recent constitutional developments, the future of democracy in Pakistan is bright; despite various challenges are obscuring its future. The essence of democracy is in its assurance that every human being is so respected that he should have opportunities equal to that of every other human being. As revealed by Abraham Lincoln, democracy is, â€Å"Government of the people, for the people and by the people. † Liberty, fraternity and equality are the helpmates of modern democratic political creed. Without implementing a fair system of impartiality and justice, the dream of a truly democratic state, perceived by the Quaid-e-Azam, cannot be materialized. The current pathetic situation of conflicts and distrust are solely the outcomes of a weak democratic setup. Media plays a pivotal role in molding and reshaping the beliefs of a lay man. Unfortunately, the recent media hype in relation to the political activities has aggravated the situation. Media’s biasness has ignited a flame of political imbalance and disharmony, which in turn, has weakened the roots of democratic culture in Pakistan. Similarly, the government has failed to address the problems of a common man effectively. After having a dictatorial nightmare comprising of nine years, the ballet’s strength has revived the political norms of the country. Parliamentary supremacy has been reinstated but unfortunately, rampant load-shedding, heightening inflation, momentous downfall in the Foreign Direct Investment and escalating extremism are the few challenges, to which, the government has failed to embark upon. Resultantly the sense of depravation among the masses may lead towards the debacle of this democratic setup. Likewise, recent statement by a renowned politician, about the role of military in the democratic setup, has started a new debate about the military role in the politics. Due to lack of political insight, our politicians have frequently invited the military, to topple the democratic government by opting un-constitutional means. Thus our incompetent leaders have endangered the survival of political and democratic values of the country. In addition to, the towering terrorism and religious fanaticism is also an ultimate threat to the democracy. They consider democracy as a non-Islamic form of government. The prevailing situation in the country and the demand for the implementation of ‘Sharia’, is a testimony to this ideological belief. For them, the concept of democracy is western and in contradiction with Islam. As they are already a challenge for the law enforcement agencies, they are also proving a threat for this democratic government. Furthermore, the recent natural calamity, in the shape of floods, which has paralyzed our economy, is a real test for the government. All the sectors of the economy, especially agriculture and industry, have been severely hampered by this devastation. Under the above said pitiful conditions, the failure of the government to tackle this challenge would be a failure of democracy itself. Following are the causes of this horrible tragedy: It is imperative to have a proper constitution when a country starts fresh. The delay in the formation of constitution thwarted the process shaping the opinion in favor of democracy as a modern political necessity. The constitution, which was drafted after nine years of the independence in 1956, was strangled after military coup by Ayub Khan in 1958. A proper constitution was formulated in 1973, but every dictator trimmed this constitution in accordance to his own personal interests. Moreover, our political forces also played a horrible role in deteriorating the original draft and resultantly, we remained unable to establish the strong democratic traditions. Similarly, the failure to sustain democracy is due to the overdeveloped state structure. The monopolization and centralization of power, decision making structure and hegemonic designs not only weakened the democracy but also have hampered the economy of the country. These feudal-cum-politicians have hijacked the political system of the country and thus, today’s Pakistan, is a portraying a true picture of aristocracy instead of a strong democracy. Furthermore, the frequent military coup, never allowed the country to adopt positive political principles. Since the day of inception, the people of Pakistan have faced more military rule than that of civilians. These military dictators have tarnished the democratic norms to prevail in the country. They have trimmed and amended the constitution for their personal convenience. Resultantly, the seed of a great democratic culture, sowed by the great Quaid, never appeared to turn into a strong tree. Moreover, the incompetent and corrupt leaders have never allowed the democracy to flourish in the country. Since the tragic demise of the great Quaid, absence of mature leadership has been the biggest dilemma for the country. As there is no proper system of checks and balances in the country, these leaders carried on gaining power and kept the nation divested from the basic amenities of life. The malignant intentions of our political spearheads, have not only smudged the image of Pakistan before the globe, but have also proved fatal for the democratic survival. Furthermore, illiterate masses, have also contributed in deteriorating the political system of the country. A nation with such a low literacy rate can only breed a frail political and democratic culture. An educated person is aware of his rights and can fight for the principles, and resultantly, his voice cannot remain unheard. Contrary to this philosophy, an ignorant society weakens the democratic values. Additionally, the fragile institution, especially the judiciary, has never given democracy, a fair chance to flourish. For a sturdy political environment, the conformity between all the institutions of the government is pivotal. Democracy never exists without rule of law, justice, civil liberties and equality of opportunities. Moreover, clash between the main organs of the state has lead to the catastrophe of the democratic state. Likewise, weak and poverty stricken society, gives birth to resentment. A society, lacking food security, is least concerned with their rights. Fraternity and impartiality could not be the hall mark of such a culture, where more than half of the total population of the country is living below the poverty line. Consequently democratic trends cannot prevail in such an environment where the people are paying tax even on the purchase of a match-box and the grain is getting beyond their reach. In addition to, political disharmony is proving to be venomous for the democratic mores. All the major political powers are busy in point scoring and blame game. They re least concerned with addressing the problems of the nation, and hence, a sense of deprivation among the people is replicating immensely. Without cooperation between the political supreme, the dream for a durable democratic state would remain a fantasy. Following are the dangerous effects of weak democratic setup: The first and the foremost price paid by the nation due to weak democratic setup, was in the form of debacle of East Pakistan. It is a universally accepted democra tic principle that power should be vested to the party who has emerged as a leading political spearhead through the power of the ballet. Contrary to this principle, some political tycoons in the West Pakistan attempted to convert the majority of Sheikh Mujeeb ur Rehman into minority. Moreover, the people of the East Pakistan were kept deprived of the basic needs of life. Resultantly, this political menace turned into a hazardous chaos which wounded our nationalism. This wound left such an unhealed scar on our national integrity that has tarnished our democratic outlook before the world. Similarly, a controlled media is also a pitiful result of the tumbling democracy. Media can act as a lethal weapon against the corrupt leaders and impedes the possibility of any non constitutional act in the state. It also plays a vital role in educating the people and keeping them aware of their fundamental rights. Unfortunately, the non democratic forces have kept media controlled and used it in accordance with their personal reassure. Consequently, a weak and controlled media is a breed of fragile democracy. Likewise, economic instability is another bi-product of the flimsy democratic culture. Strong political and democratic environment is inevitable for the economic prosperity and well being. Moreover, economic stability of a country is heavily dependent upon the political stability in that country. Political tangle and shakiness has lowered down Pakistan’s credit rating and has leaded the country towards the brink of economic disaster and insolvency. Additionally, mismanagement of the country’s depleting resources is also a pearl in the ring of weak democratic culture. Pakistan is not a poor but poorly managed country. We are rich in natural resources but have failed to manage them effectively and efficiently. Shaky political and democratic environment is becoming a core reason for the depletion of our hefty natural resources. Furthermore, dispiriting inclination in the Foreign Direct Investment, is also a meager result of poor democratic values of the country. According to a recent report by the World Bank, there has been a decline of 39 percent in the country’s foreign direct investment, since 2006. Heightening terrorism, towering political instability and growing menace has resulted in discouraging downfall in the â€Å"FDI†. Investors fear to invest their money and time in such a crisis stricken country. Moreover, recurring foreign intervention into our national and domestic issues is only because of our passive democratic networking. A country, with sturdy democratic norms, does not allow any foreign power to intervene into its matters of domestic and national interests. Countries, especially America, are more interested in framing Pakistan’s policies than that of its own. Our national integrity is at the stake due to our political disharmony and democratic redundancy. In addition to, the towering terrorism and extremism is also due to the molested democratic ideologies. A strong democratic state; where there is a rule of law and fairness of opportunities for every citizen, breeds active and patriot minds and souls. A desperate mind; which has been preoccupied with fear of hunger can easily become a pray of the non state actors. Resultantly, a fragile democratic culture is prone to extremism. Finally, Pakistan’s image across the world has tarnished due to weak and shaky democratic norms prevalent in the society. Above all the military and quasi-military rule strangled the democratic rule in the country. World Bank and other financial institutions have persistently laid sanctions upon the Pakistan. These financial penalties and restrains upon trade is the outcome of weedy democratic governments in the past and frequent military coups.

Gender Identity

Introduction Gender refers to the state of being either male or female, which is distinguished by factors such as gender roles, social and economic status, perceptions, and ideals and values (Lee, 2005). Gender has been described as a psycho-sociocultural aspect. In contrast, sex is a biological concept that is determined by factors such as hormones and genetic make-up (Lee, 2005). Gender is also understood as evaluation of behavior based on individual perceptions and societal expectations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Identity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gender identity is defined as personal concepts and perceptions of self that are based on gender (Lee, 2005). This paper will explore determination of gender identity based on connections between hormones and behavior. In addition, it will scrutinize how biological and environmental factors affect gender identity. It will also explore current argu ments on gender identity. Interaction between hormones and behavior Research studies have revealed that hormones have great influence on behavior. For example, hormonal processes contribute towards hostile and aggressive behaviors (Lee, 2005). Studies associate certain behaviors with certain hormones. For example, testosterone is associated with aggressiveness. Studies on effect of hormones on behavior are based on the net effect of hormones on emotions. They cause varying level of moods or behavior depending on their concentrations. For example, in adults, estrogen causes positive moods while lack of estrogen causes depressive moods (Lee, 2005). This is the same effect testosterone has on moods and behaviors. Some hormones affect behavior directly while others affect behavior indirectly. For example, hormones that determine body size affect behavior indirectly. Big-sized people are domineering and usually rough towards small-sized people. Abnormal activity of glands can also influe nce behavior directly. Hormones respond by combining with specific cell receptors to form behavior. Puberty and prenatal periods are the most critical periods in human development that hormones have the greatest impact (Lee, 2005). During the prenatal period, any anomaly in production of hormones results in anomalies in gender identity. For example, a study conducted on 25 androgenized girls found out that even though they were raised as girls, they exhibited masculine attitudes, sexuality, and grooming (Lee, 2005). After the development of Money’s theories on gender identity, several studies followed that established connections between gender identity and environmental factors. Current arguments on sexual identity Current arguments on sexual identify claim that is mainly determined by biological factors rather than environmental factors (Lee, 2005). This argument is based on lifestyles such as homosexuality and lesbianism. These arguments claim that people who adopt these l ifestyles were born that way because of interaction between different biological factors.Advertising Looking for essay on gender studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other arguments claim that such lifestyles can be caused by environmental factors. If an individual gets exposure to one of these lifestyles early in childhood, then he/she would adopt a similar lifestyle owing to influence of the environment (Lee, 2005). However, research has established that these lifestyles are mainly caused by influence of biological factors and further augmented by environmental factors. Biological influences on gender identity and sexual differentiation The influence of biological factors on gender identity can be explained by considering functions of hormones and cerebral lateralization of the brain (Lee, 2005). Gender is determined before birth by biological factors. Studies have revealed that brain lateralization and hormonal function s contribute in determination of gender. Males and females contain sexual and reproductive hormones in varying quantities. This is observed from childhood through adulthood although in each stage of development certain changes take place. During puberty, gender characteristics become more pronounced because attraction towards the opposite sex develops (Lee, 2005). Brain lateralization follows different systems of development in males and females. For example, in females the left side of the brain is more developed compared to males whose right side is more developed. Variation in brain lateralization accounts for high performance by males in sciences and mathematics and better performance in languages by girls. Environmental influences The first environmental child experiences after birth is the family (Lee, 2005). Mothers dress newborn babies in clothes that depict their gender. As they go through different development stages, children learn to discern their gender from how they ar e treated. Fathers influence boys and mothers influence girls. Absence of a father in the family affects discernment of gender identity significantly. Other environments outside the family also play critical roles. Television, music, movies, and books depict different genders in different ways (Lee, 2005). Children pick gender cues from these environments and incorporate them in their gender identity discernment processes. Environmental factors have the greatest influence on gender identity compared to other factors. Environments such as family and classrooms have the greater influence on gender identity compared to biological and psychological factors (Lee, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gender Identity specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Gender differs from sex in that it is psycho-sociocultural while sex is biological. Aspects such as social and economic status, roles, and personal perceptions determine gender. Gender identity is influenced and determined by biological, psychological, and environmental factors. The environment has the greatest influence compared to other factors. From childhood to adulthood, people interact with different environments that influence how they discern and define gender identity. According to the foregoing discussion, nurture has greater influence on gender identity than nature. Each of the three factors plays a different role in determination of gender identity. Reference Lee, J. (2005). Focus on Gender Identity. New York: Nova Publishers. This essay on Gender Identity was written and submitted by user Raiden Hays to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Pollution Caused by Cruise Ships Essays

The Pollution Caused by Cruise Ships Essays The Pollution Caused by Cruise Ships Paper The Pollution Caused by Cruise Ships Paper These ships carry up to 3,000 passengers who spend enormous amounts of money at tourist locations around the world. It is estimated that millions of dollars are generated and placed into the tourism markets annually. This is great news for local communities that depend on the cruise ship industry in order to survive, however it is bad news when it comes to the environment. Cruise ships create a massive amount of waste which ends up polluting our water ways and sending vast levels of pollutants into the air as well. These large ships typically produce around 170,000 gallons of waste water, 21 ,OHO gallons of sewage, 6,400 gallons of bilge water, and 1 ton of solid waste per day ((Brooks ; Dunn, 2012). Unfortunately, these waste products are dumped into our oceans, seas, rivers, and lakes. There are numerous laws, regulations, and guidelines to prevent such things from happening but most of the cruise ship operations have found a way to work around them. They understand that states such as Alaska and Washington prohibit dumping of waste materials in their waters. The cruise ship corporations have taken advantage of the relaxed laws of places like British Columbia (B. C. ) which for the most part allows them to release their waste products into their water areas. This presents a dilemma for the cruise ship industry because they ultimately have to decide between making a profit and being environmentally sound. Corporations such as the cruise ship industry have an ethical responsibility to et all environmental regulations and laws regardless of where they are sailing. Corporations have an obligation to the general public and that includes making sure they are meeting standards set forth by the government. Environmental groups have a major influence on the general public and can create enough pressure where the reputation of a company is tarnished and sales start to decrease. It would be to a corporations advantage to show the general public that it is going above and beyond meeting environmental needs regardless of the rules in a particular country, Tate, etc. When sailing in international waters cruise ships should go by the strictest of all guidelines. Ethically, a corporation should set the standard for all others to follow. They cant allow relaxed rules to be an excuse for creating environmental damage. The general public would feel betrayed to learn that a company built on having good, clean, vacation fun is in fact dirtying up the water ways. Coos of such corporations should exercise due care and professional skepticism. They should ask how my actions will affect the water ways in the future. In addition, executives should question the rules of other countries and do everything in their power not to take advantage of weak laws. Rot cities depend on tourism to generate revenue within their communities. It is of the most importance to balance the needs of tourism against the needs of maintaining an environmentally safe society. Compromise is essential in the effort to reduce as much waste going into our waters as possible. These tourist destinations should always work with the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency to develop reas onable plans that can e accomplished slowly in order to prevent pollution now and in the future. It is understood that cruise ships will always have waste products to get rid of so decisions should be based on what is good for the environment not solely on tourism. The responsibility to maintain a clean and healthy environment is up to everyone. Corporations have a major responsibility as well because they can influence the thoughts, ideas, and beliefs of the average citizen. If a major corporation promotes the idea of improving air and water quality then it can influence the actions of other corporations. The cruise ship industry is in the position to set the standards for all to follow. They have the ability to show others that no matter the location or circumstances that a standard set of rules should always be followed. They should not let profit get in the way of doing the right thing. In the long run doing what is expected is more important than profit. The general public would accept a rise in ticket prices for a cruise if they were informed that it is because of the environmental rules they are trying to follow. Profit is the main goal of any organization, but it should not come at the expense of peoples health and well being. If the proper research is conducted and coordination between countries is established then it should be no reason why environmental needs should not be met. The general public is the first priority of corporations and every effort Of compromise should be attempted.

Annotated bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Annotated Bibliography Example Examples include â€Å"Do men and women read alike? Do feminist critics know the female author or her point of view? Does plot have anything to do with being a man or woman? Do feminist have an opinion on the relationship between political and literature points of view. One of the first books to really breakdown African American literature and literary theory, this is a must read. Examples of prominent African American writers like Henry Lois Gates Jr. are interwoven with descriptions and study guides on how to better understand African American writers. African American can write about their experiences in a way that can be understood by all cultures. The value of these opinions and views are priceless. This is a good guide for every race or gender. Censorship is a part of literature. Since most Americans live in an uncensored society, censorship is a foreign concept. This book drags the curtain back revealing another side of Apartheid. Censorship helped keep the Apartheid in place. Since the white minority censored generations of African Americans writers, the stifling of this creativity had lasting effects. Not only were these authors censored, so were all of the resistant writers. The criticism of the Apartheid government was limited to sources outside of South America. This book examines the consequences of the censorship in Apartheid South Africa. It is a must read for all individuals concerned about censorship. Many books have been written on Ancient Egypt, but little has been said about Ancient Egyptian women. Gay Robins has reexamined ancient artifacts of Egypt to tell the Egyptian woman’s perspective. This colorfully illustrated book tells of how rich, middle class, and poor women lived in Ancient Egypt. From slaves to royalty, a new look at women from Ancient Egypt brings up interesting facts and interpretations. Literature, art, and other artifacts are examined by Robins.

Professional Articles Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Professional Articles Review - Essay Example Journal Of Science Teacher Education, 21(2), 161-179. Doi: 10.1007/s10972-009-9161-8.758540. Mizrap, B. (2013). Teaching science through play in kindergarten: does integrated play and science instruction build understanding? European Early Childhood Education Research Journal. Vol. 21, No. 2, 226–249, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2013.789195. The Effects of Kindergarten Experiences on Childrens Elementary Science Achievement educational policymakers struggle to form a curriculum that could help utilize the maximum potential of every child. It is apparent that the policymakers try to understand when and what should be done to enhance the cognitive growth in every child. The article The Effects of Kindergarten Experiences on Children’s Elementary Science Achievement presents answers to these issues obtained through statistical analysis of sample data consisting of 4,490 kindergarten children. The research conducted a quantitative analysis using the idea that there is a powerful connection between early childhood education and children intellectual development (Kumtepe, Kaya & Kumtepe, 2009, p. 978). Similarly, the authors talked about a study of student teachers attitudes that teaches science during preschool teacher education and how that influences them and affects their visions of the teacher’s role and th eir positions in science teaching. Furthermore, the author believes that a teacher’s role and attitudes toward science and science teaching will affect preschool teacher’s behavior and confidence in the training teacher program. In the article ‘‘Science Talks’’ in Kindergarten Classrooms: Improving Classroom Practice Through Collaborative Action Research, this article explores the importance of assimilating science talks in Kindergarten classrooms as a contemporary teaching technique of centralized learning. Sarah, a Kindergarten teacher, demonstrates the importance of science talks in promoting learning of science. Integrating

Tourism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Tourism - Essay Example Therefore, while evaluating tourism as a whole it is imperative to consider its dark and the bright side. Tourism just for the sake of leisure or fun may leave detrimental effects, thus educating tourists about their limits and rights is very important, to provide tourism a healthy form. In the following text some of the pros and cons are discussed with respect to their socio-economic implications. Tourism is involved directly as well as indirectly in economic activity of a place or a country, this is due to demands for services and goods that are needed to be produced and provided (Tribe, 2011). The direct effect of tourism on economics of a place is termed as tourism’s ‘economic contribution’ and it is determined by tourism satellite account or TSA. Meanwhile, the indirect economic impacts of tourism are determined through various models, and this type of modelling helps in determining the overall direct and indirect effects of tourism on the economy of a place. While considering the economic contribution of tourism it is imperative to understand the concept of tourism industries. Tourism industries are activities that typically produce tourism characteristic products. The criteria to characterize tourism product is that the production or availability of a product or service is sufficiently proportional to the extent of tourism, consequently the demand of these services or products develop a direct link with the presence of tourists. Some of the key characteristic tourism products include accommodation services, transport services, recreational services and area specific tourist services. Accommodation services refer to availability and management of hotel, motels and rest houses (Goeldner & Ritchie, 2009). Transport services include air, rail and road transport. Recreational services are usually specific from place to place, but some

Hydromorphone

Hydromorphone The name of the drug is called Hydromorphone. The systematic name (IUPAC) is 4,5-epoxy-3-hydroxy-17-methylmor-phinan-6-one. Hydromorphone has a chemical formula of C17H19NO3 . There are four functional groups in Hydromorphone: An Ether group A Ketone group An Amine group (tertiary) A Phenol group Stereochemistry and conformation: Hydromorphone has 4 chiral centres (Four different groups attached to a sp3 hybridised carbon one chiral centre). Therefore it has 24 = 16 stereoisomers. Carbon number 1 has R-configuration Carbon number 2 has R-configuration Carbon number 3 has S-configuration Carbon number 4 has R-configuration Hydromorphone is a semi-rigid molecule because it is composed of a five-member ring system: the phenolic ring (A), the cyclohexane ring (B), the cyclohexanone ring (C), the N-methyl piperidine ring (D), and the tetrahydrofuran ring (E). The molecule has a T shape. Rings A, B and E form a vertical plane where the C and D form the horizontal plane. Ring C exists in a chair conformation due to saturation of C-C double between C7 and 8. Ring D also exists in chair conformation. Synthesis: Commercially, Hydromorphone is made from morphine via either direct rearrangement (reflux alcoholic or acidic aqueous solution of morphine with platinum or palladium catalyst) or reduction of morphine via catalytic hydrogenation, this two reactions both produce Dihydromorphine. The Dihydromorphine then undergo Oppenauer oxidation, where it is oxidised with benzophenone in the presence of potassium tert butoxide or aluminium tert butoxide to form Hydromorphone. Drug stability: The half-life of Hydromorphone is 2.6hours through oral route, where it takes 18.6 hours for sustained release Palladone. Hydromorphone hydrochloride is affected by light, although hydromorphone hydrochloride injection may develop a slight yellowish discoloration, this change does not indicate loss of potency. Hydromorphone hydrochloride injection should be protected from light and stored at a controlled room temperature of 25 degrees C, but can be exposed to temperatures ranging from 15 to30 degrees C; freezing of the injection should be avoided. Hydromorphone hydrochloride tablets should be stored in tight, light-resistant containers, usually at 15 to30 degrees C; however, the manufacturer recommends that the 8-mg tablets be stored at 15 to 25 degrees C. Hydromorphone hydrochloride oral solution should be stored in light-resistant containers at 15 to 25 degrees C, and suppositories of the drug should be stored at 2 to 8 degrees C. Hydromorphone hydrochloride injection reportedly is physically and chemically stable for at least 24 hours in most common IV infusion solutions when protected from light at 25 degrees C. Hydromorphone is slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and very soluble in chloroform. Formulation and packaging: In the U.K. Hydromorphone is only available in form of oral capsules and modified release capsules, which means it is released slowly to extend the length of the drugs effect. Available strengths for hydromorphone hydrochloride (Palladone ®): 1.3mg (orange/clear), net price 56-capsules pack =  £8.82; 2.6mg (red/clear), 56- capsules pack =  £17.64. Where for the modified (release Palladone ® SR): m/r, hydromorphone hydrochloride 2mg (yellow/clear), net price 56- capsules pack =  £20.98; 4mg (pale blue/clear), 56- capsules pack =  £28.75; 8mg (pink/clear), 56- capsules pack =  £56.08; 16mg (brown/clear), 56- capsules pack =  £106.53; 24mg (dark blue/clear), 56-cap pack =  £159.82. [BNF 56 page 235-236]. Lipinskis Rules: The molecular weight of Hydromorphone is 285 g/mol. (below 500) The Log P of Hydromorphone is +1.69. (lower than +5) There is only one hydrogen bond donating group, which is the hydroxyl group in Phenol. (less than 5 groups) here are only three hydrogen bond accepting groups. (less than 10 groups) The functional groups are generally stable to metabolism, i.e. hydrolysis and oxidations. According to the Lipinskis rules of five, Hydromorphone is an orally active drug. LogP and discussion of hydrophobic/hydrophilic properties: It is possible to predict the Log P of a molecule by using the Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Values (p Values) for organic fragments. This gives (+0.5 x 11) + (+2 x 1) + (-1 X 3) + (-1 X1) = +3.5. Therefore, the Predicted LogP = +3.5. Since 3.5 is greater than 0.5, hydromorphone is insoluble in water. (Soluble in water if smaller than 0.5) According to the predicted LogP, Hydromorphone is a very hydrophobic (lipophilic) drug and it can pass through the membrane layers in cell and enter the bloodstream (high absorption). Hydromorphone is insoluble in water because of its non-polar groups. They are: The long aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, i.e. cyclohexanes and the phenyl group. These non-polar groups will not interact with polar water molecules as they cannot form hydrogen bonds together and therefore insoluble. pKa and ionisation state: Hydromorphone has a pKa of 8.2 at 20 degrees C [Medicine Complete], it is weakly acidic. To calculate the percentage of ionization of Hydromorphone (weak acid) at different pH, Equation 1 can be used: Equation 1 % ionisation= 1001+antilog(pKa-pH) At pH 2: % ionization = 1001+antilog(8.2-2) = 6.31 x 10-5 % At pH 7.4: % ionization = 1001+antilog(8.2-7.4) = 13.7% At pH 10: % ionization = 1001+antilog(8.2-10) = 98.4% From the calculations on the previous page, I can conclude that only 6.31 x 10-5 % of hydromorphone is ionized at pH 2, i.e. in the stomach. Therefore, there are 100% 6.31 x 10-5 % = 99.9999% of unionised Hydromorphone which can pass through the membrane barrier and enter the bloodstream. Hydromorphone is highly absorbed by the body in stomach. Mode of action: Hydromorphone is an opioid analgesic; it reacts with the opioid mu-receptors. The mu-receptors are discretely distributed in the human brain with high density in the posterior amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus, nucleus caudatus, putamen, and certain cortical areas. These receptors are also found in the spinal cord and gastrointestinal tract. It binds onto the mu-receptors and exerts its principle pharmacological effect on the Central Nervous System and gastrointestinal tract to produce analgesia and sedation. Hydromorphone is highly absorbed by the human body and it shows the analgesia effect very quickly once enter the body. It is 8 to 10 times stronger than morphine due to its hydrophobicity (very lipophilic). Bibliography: Samuel, B., Stanley,G., Robert, R. (2004), Process for the Synthesis of Hydromorphone, http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?WO=2006005112IA=AU2005001002DISPLAY=DESC, Date accessed 23/04/10. Author unknown. (Date unknown), One-pot Isomerization of Morphine to Dihydromorphinone (Hydromorphone), http://www.erowid.org/archive/rhodium/chemistry/dihydromorphinones.html, Date accessed 23/04/10. Author unknown.(2006), Hydromorphone, http://www.patient.co.uk/medicine/Hydromorphone.htm, Date accessed 23/04/10. Hildebrand, K., Elsberry, D., Anderson, V. (2001), Stability and Compatibility of Hydromorphone Hydrochloride in an Implantable Infusion System, Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 22 (6), Page 1042-1047. Author unknown. (2010), Hydromorphone Suppository, http://www.drugs.com/cdi/hydromorphone-suppository.html, Date accessed 24/04/10 Lipinski, C. (2004), Lipinskis rule-of-five, http://www.bioscreening.com/reference/lipinski_rule.htm, Date accessed 24/04/10. Author unknown. (2009), Showing drug card for Hydromorphone (DB00327), http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00327, Date accessed 24/04/10. Clarkes. (2006), Clarkes Analysis of Drugs and Poisons Hydromorphone, http://www.medicinescomplete.com/mc/clarke/2009/CLK0851.htm, Date accessed 24/04/10. Author unknown. (2008), Monograph Hydromorphone Hydrochloride, http://www.medscape.com/druginfo/monograph?cid=meddrugid=11338drugname=Hydromorphone+Rectmonotype=monographprint=1, Date accessed 24/04/10. BMJ Group,. (2008). British National Formulary 56, London, RPS Publishing. Bruice, P,. (2004). Organic Chemistry, Fourth Edition,Prentice Hall ,Pearson. Lo,K,. (1998) Synthesis of N- Phenethylnorhydromorphone, https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/11862/ubc_2001-0456.pdf;jsessionid=8D12F28D380E801AE9A422C0F9CD3435?sequence=1, Date accessed 26/04/10

The Move from Doubt to Certainty; A Look at the Theories of Descartes and Locke :: essays research papers

Descartes is interested in the certainty of his existence and the existence of other people and things. Descartes’ beliefs vary from those of Socrates. Descartes argues that knowledge is acquired through awareness and experience. Using this approach, Descartes moves through doubt to certainty of his existence. He asks himself various questions about the certainty of his existence and solves them through clear thought and logic. Using this method Descartes establishes doubts to be truths and by the end of the book, he has established that he does indeed exist. In this paper, I will show how Descartes moves through doubt to certainty. I will explain how Descartes uses the cogito, proves the existence of God and what that means to his existence. I will also discuss the general rules of truth that Descartes establishes. In the First Meditation Descartes begins to examine what is certain and what is doubtful. Descartes wants to establish that his knowledge is certain and not doubtful. He states, ...I had accepted many false opinions as being true, and that what I had based on such insecure principles could only be most doubtful and uncertain; so that I had to undertake seriously once in my life to rid myself of all opinions I had adopted up to then, and to begin, and to begin afresh from the foundations, if I wished to establish something firm and constant in the sciences.(Descartes 95) By this Descartes means that he wishes to establish a foundation for his knowledge based on certainty instead of doubt. Descartes first looks at the senses. This is important because the senses are the first thing to cause doubt. He focuses on the perception of things. He says that things far from him, in the distance, give him reason to doubt their certainty, while things that are close to him are indubitable and he is clear about their certainty. However, Descartes realizes that dreams pose an obstacle to his beliefs. Even up close, dreams can be indubitable. Descartes believes that if a person has had a dream that was so intense that the person could not determine it form reality, then they have reason to doubt objects that are close to us and appear to be indubitable. In order to resolve this problem, Descartes suggests that one must examine whether they are dreaming or not. Descartes realizes that he can not rely on his senses anymore to give him dubitable truths.

Consider the theme in Of mice and men Essay

* The book Of Mice and Men was set in the time of the great depression of the 1930’s in California in a place called Soledad. Men travelled around looking for any work they could find, they had to leave families and homes just to make money. Even firms and companies went bankrupt, these were depressing and desperate times, no hope and no future. * During this period of time there was a depression in America. Unemployment was high, so men moved from ranch to ranch looking for work, never staying in one place long enough to firm any real relationships, so this was a very lonely existence. * John Steinbeck’s inspiration from came from him at an earlier age working as a migrant farm worker and so he understood completely about the conditions and life around him so he could really create an atmospheric story. * It is based on two men, George and Lennie, who travelled from ranch to ranch. George is a small and fairly intelligent man while Lennie is a large man of very little intelligence. They had travelled together for a long time. * In my opinion, the most obvious point made throughout the book about the world of migrant workers is that it is lonely. George tells that â€Å"†¦guys like us†¦are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They don’t belong no place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This is also shown when Slim comments that he â€Å"†¦hardly never seen two guys travel together†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Most migrant workers travel on their own and this is why George and Lennie face some fairly intrusive questions from their new boss when they first arrive at the ranch. This boss even finds it so unusual that he asks George, referring to Lennie, â€Å"†¦what stake you got in this guy?†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . He also again refers to this being unusual by saying â€Å"†¦I never seen one guy take so much trouble for another guy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . * They are many characters in the novel that are also lonely and this is due to sexism, ageism, but mainly racism. One perfect example is Crooks†¦Crooks, the black stable buck is forever being picked on by the other men at the ranch, mostly because of his colour. In the time in which the book was set, black people in America were thought of as lower than white people. At the ranch, Crooks cannot live in the bunk – house with all the other men, but he has to sleep in the harness room, at the back of the barn. Crooks is given no privacy, and gets quite cross because he is not allowed to enter the bunk-house but the other men can just walk into his room. In the book he says to Lennie, â€Å"You’ve no right to come into my room, nobody got any right in here but me.† * Another reason is because of your age. Candy is lonely because he is old, and is different from the other hands. His only comfort is his old dog, which keeps him company and reminds him of days when he was young and whole.He has no relatives, and once his dog is killed is totally alone. He eagerly clutches at the idea of buying a farm with George and Lennie, but of course this all comes to nothing.Candy’s disappointment is expressed in the bitter words he utters to the body of Curley’s wife, whom he blames for spoiling his dream. Paragraph 1 * George is a kind man. He travels with Lennie and helps him to survive although Lennie is more of a burden than a help, and creates many problems for him. He is also friendly, and almost immediately makes friends with Candy, Carlson, Slim, and the other ranch hands.He has matured a lot since the incident he relates to Slim where he made Lennie jump into a river just for fun. He realises that Lennie depends on him, and needs him to survive.George often insults Lennie and ‘gives him hell’, but he doesn’t really mean it. Although he often talks about how well off he could be without Lennie he secretly doesn’t want Lennie to leave, and when Lennie offers to do so in the first chapter, George virtually pleads with him to stay, ‘ Ive got you an you’ve got me’. This is because George also depends on Lennie to a certain extent for his unconditional friendship. George is intelligent, as Slim points out in chapter three, but also modest in denying being smart. He expresses his desire to be different from other ranch hands who merely work for a month and then spend all of their money, but also realistically realises that his dream of owning a house with Lennie (or anyone else) is unlikely to ever come true. Overall, George is an intelligent and kind character. He is thoughtful enough to realise that the best thing for Lennie is to shoot him, for the alternatives are even worse, and compassionate enough to kill Lennie himself. * Lennie is a massive, extremely strong man, who has no living relatives. He travels about the country searching for work with his companion, George. Lennie’s Aunt Clara had asked George to take care of Lennie if she ever died. The most obvious feature of Lennie’s character is that he seems retarded. He is a man who has the mind of a child. Slim is one of the first characters to notice this, remarking that Lennie is ‘Jes’ like a kid’ and Curley’s wife also comments on how he is ‘Jus’ like a big baby’. Lennie doesn’t know his own strength, and this is one of the things which lead to his eventual downfall. He realises that he is, ‘strong as a bull’, but he can’t judge how much force to use for certain actions. That is why he kills his pets, when he only intends to pet them and play with them. It is this inability to judge his strength, combined with his desire to pet things and Curley’s wife’s desire to be petted and admired which leads to Lennie’s inevitable death. The ability to judge one’s own strength is one of the first signs of maturity, and it is important that Lennie doesn’t have this ability. Despite the major flaws in his character he is amiable and ‘friendly ‘, and doesn’t do any of the bad things he does on purpose.He has a poor memory, and has to repeat things to himself many times to remember them. Even then, he still forgets them. He has a blind faith in George, trusting in him to protect and look after his welfare. For example, remember the incident George describes to Slim when he told Lennie to â€Å"jump in the river† and Lennie obeyed, without a thought to his own well being. This illustrates Lennie’s trust in George, and also his immaturity.However, it must be noted that Lennie can still be quite crafty, as when he cunningly persuades George to tell him the story about the rabbits by threatening to leave him. Paragraph 2 * Because of Lennie’s handicap George has established a personality around his companion to make it easier to live around him. George has found a way of coping with Lennie which is to shout at him†¦. † God a’ mighty, if I was alone I could live so easy.† He supports him in the way he needs although when he is angry he does criticize him â€Å"As dum as a horse†. * George thinks of Lennie as a companion as he doesn’t have any family. On the other hand he finds him as a pain. Lennie feel the same way to a certain extent but also fears George as he is in control and orders and protects Lennie. They travel together searching for work on ranches and so never settle, and so don’t establish true friendships with others, but since they have each other they seem secure, but Lennie gets into a lot of trouble and so needs George so really George doesn’t have time for himself, which is why they do almost everything together. * Others see this relationship as different:- Slim comments † Aint many guys travel around toghther†¦.Maybe ever’body in the whole damn world is scared of each other†. George and Lennie are different as Lennie says † I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you† * Dreams are significant when considering how these men as one of the ways in which the characters combat the loneliness and hopelessness of their existence. For example the â€Å"dream farm†, a dream shared at first only by George and Lennie, later spreads to include Candy and Crooks, as they are all desperate to escape their lonely lives Crooks reveals that it is the favourite dream of the itinerant ranch hands: ‘Seems like ever’ guy got land in his head.’ It is a powerful dream, however, and even Crooks falls for this, for a short time.To Lennie, the dream is a cure for â€Å"disappointment and loneliness†, and he often asks George to recite the description of the farm to him. Paragraph 4 * Crooks is an even lonelier character than Candy, because not only is he old and a cripple, like Candy, but he is also black. Most of the men have a lot of prejudice against Crooks, referring to him with derogatory terms such as â€Å"nigger†. (Prejudice around slavery wasn’t rare) * He lives in the shed at the other end of the ranch, isolated from the rest of the workers there. * Crooks is a victim. We are told by Candy that the Boss takes his anger out on Crooks, though Crooks does nothing wrong. * Crooks spends his time alone reading and is a fairly knowledgeable person, as he owns a copy of the California civil code for 1905 He also plays horseshoes until dark. This shows us that Crooks is interested in reading as is most likely one of the smartest of the crowd. This also suggests that he has found reading as an â€Å"escape route† from the ‘terrible world’ around him. * Crooks reveals that it is the favourite dream of the itinerant ranch hands: * As a result of the discrimination against him, Crooks has become bitter and cynical. This is why when Lennie and Candy tell him about their plan to buy a house he reacts with scorn and disbelief. ‘Seems like ever’ guy got land in his head.’ It is a powerful dream, however, and even the cynical Crooks falls under its spell for a short time. Paragraph 5 * Curley’s wife is described as having full rouged lips and wide spaced eyes, heavily made up. Her fingernails painted and her hair hung in little rolled clusters. * Most of the ranch hands except for Slim brand Curley’s wife as ‘tart’. In fact, she is portrayed as such whenever she appears, obviously playing up to and teasing the men. We can definitely say that she is lonely. John Steinbeck illustrates how lonely Curleys wife is when she says † I never get to talk to nobody. I get awful lonely† She says so several times, and that is to be expected since she is stuck on a ranch with men who dislike her and rarely talk to her, as they fear getting into any sort of trouble with her husband Curley, ‘stay away from her’. However, she attempts to overcome her loneliness in the wrong way. George immediately realises that she means trouble when she first turns up in the bunkhouse, and it is hardly surprising that her actions lead her new husband to be fiercely jealous. She is so cruel because of her unhappiness, her isolation and the failure of her dreams. She dreamt of being â€Å"in the movies† or even in a â€Å"show†. She is disappointed and marries Curley to spite her mother only to find out â€Å"he aint a nice fella†. She wishes she could have made something of her life. She walks around the ranch, dressed inappropriately and seductively. and she has only been married a couple of weeks. She admits to Lennie that she doesn’t like her husband and regrets marrying him. She seems to be of limited intelligence, as this shows her how desperate she is to escape. It is partly her desire to be petted and admired which leads her to allow Lennie to stroke her hair, which in turn leads to her death at Lennie’s hands. She is only ever known as ‘Curley’s wife’ which indicates that the author viewed her as a possession of Curley’s rather than a human being. I pity her as she made a mistake into leading herself into these problems with Curley and this is making her bored ill. Paragraph 6 * The next afternoon, Lennie is in the barn. All of the other men are outside playing a game of horseshoes, and Lennie’s only company is his dead puppy. Lennie had accidentally killed it. He fears that George will not let him tend and feed the rabbits if George knows that he killed the puppy. While Lennie wonders what to do, Curley’s wife appears. She tries to get Lennie to talk to her, but Lennie is reluctant, since George had threatened to forbid him from tending his rabbits if Lennie ever did so. When she directs Lennie’s attention to his puppy, though, Lennie forgets about not talking to her. He explains everything to her. Curley’s wife listens sympathetically, and she tells Lennie about her aspirations of being an actress, and how she believes her mother deliberately thwarted her plans. She becomes angered by Lennie’s continual references to rabbits, and asks him what his attraction to them is. Lennie explains that he likes to touch and pet soft things, like rabbit fur. * Curley’s wife allows Lennie to stroke her hair, but panics when he won’t let go. She begins to struggle and scream, and Lennie, also in a state of panic, shakes her to make her stop saying, ‘ I don’t want you to yell. You gonna get me in trouble jus’ like George says you will’, and he covered her rouged lipped mouth with his large palms. She continued to scream and struggle and now the fully nervous Lennie shouted angrily at her, ‘ Don’t you go yellin’ , and shook her; and her body flopped like a fish ‘he shakes her so violently that her neck broke and she died instantly. Lennie knows that he has done another bad thing and remembers that George told him to go and hide in the brush down by the river, so he quickly runs there. Sometime later, Candy enters the barn and discovers the body of Curley’s wife. He runs and fetches George. George realises what has happened, and says that he has to tell the others. Candy protests, rightly pointing out that Curley would deliver no mercy to anyone who had killed his wife. Candy is in favour of letting Lennie escape. He asks George if it is still possible to buy the house, but his dreams are shattered when George says it isn’t. When George tells the labourers the news, they all go into a frenzy, and seem affected by blood lust. Curley is furious and vows to kill Lennie. Carlson rushes off to get his gun, and even Whit wants to join in the hunt. Carlson reports that his gun has been stolen, and everyone thinks that Lennie is responsible. George begs Curley to have mercy on his companion, but Curley says he can’t because Lennie has a gun. All of the men run off except for Candy, who lies down in despair. * The relationship between George, Lennie and Candy was now destroyed. * This relates to the â€Å"theme of dreams† as they couldn’t get their own place and so their dream had crumbled as well. Paragraph 7 * Loneliness affects many of the characters, and Steinbeck seems to show that it is a natural and inevitable result of the kind of life they are forced to lead. The itinerant workers are caught in a trap of loneliness – they never stay in one place long enough to form permanent relationships. Even if such relationships existed, they would probably be destroyed by the demands of the itinerant life. Candy is lonely because he is old, and is different from the other hands. His only comfort is his old dog, which keeps him company and reminds him of days when he was young and whole. He has no relatives, and once his dog is killed is totally alone. He eagerly clutches at the idea of buying a farm with George and Lennie, but of course this all comes to nothing. Candy’s disappointment is expressed in the bitter words he utters to the body of Curley’s wife, whom he blames for spoiling his dream. George is also caught in the trap of loneliness. Just as Candy has his dog for company, George has Lennie (who is often described in animal-like terms). Continuing the parallel, George too is left completely alone when Lennie is killed. The dream farm is his idea, and he says ‘We’d belong there †¦ no more runnin’ around the country†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. Another lonely character is Curley’s wife. Newly married and in a strange place, she is forbidden by Curley to talk to anyone but him. To counter this, she constantly approaches the ranch hands on the excuse of looking for Curley. The only result is that the men regard her as a slut, and Curley becomes even more intensely jealous. Finally, her loneliness leads to her death as she makes the ‘ serious error of trying to overcome it by playing the tease with Lennie. Curley himself is lonely. His new wife hates him as do all the ranch hands who despise him for his cowardice. He has married in an attempt to overcome his loneliness, but has blindly chosen a wife totally inappropriate for the kind of life he leads. His feelings are all channelled into aggressive behaviour which further isolates his wife and leads to the incident with Lennie where his hand is crushed. Crooks is another who is isolated because he is different. He copes with it by keeping a distance between himself and the other hands. When he does allow himself to be drawn into the dream of working on George and Lennie’s dream farm, he is immediately shut out by George’s anger. * The conclusion, in my opinion is that people are brought together though loneliness and separated as they grow hostile (Crooks). It is like an endless game which has to be played by someone before someone gets eager and makes it worse by instigating. This is fate†¦what will happen will happen†¦. Just like a game †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. someone always wins†¦..and someone always loses†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..!

Culture of Curacao Essays

Culture of Curacao Essays Culture of Curacao Paper Culture of Curacao Paper We Interviewed people from Curaà §ao decent, studied the culture of Curaà §ao via movies, books and music and we did search about Curaà §ao in on the internet and books. General information: Curaà §ao is an Island in the southern Caribbean Sea, off the Venezuelan coast. Curaà §ao Is the largest and most populous of the three BBC Islands (for Aruba, Bonfire, and Curaà §ao) It has a land area of 444 square kilometers and a population of 141 ,766 (January 2009) Fashion and dress codes The locals of Curaà §ao dress fashionably, particularly for indoor events in the evening. Unlike evening parties the dress code for outdoor festivals is casual. Because of the strong trade winds that the Island has makes the wearing of skirts a problem. In some of the Curaà §ao restaurants the wearing of shorts or sandals is prohibited and some of the casinos require formal wear to enter the building, like gowns for women and jackets for men. Clothes that are a revealing a lot of skin and the wearing of bathing suits are not appropriate in public areas other than the beach of the Island. If you want to go hiking in the countryside, you should bring hiking shoes and long pants for protection from the cactuses that grow there. Psychical and personal space The Netherlands Antilles have a density of 198. 000 people on 800 kilometers of land. It is on the 53rd place of the density list of countries and dependencies. We learn that Curaà §ao Is a high density country but because Curaà §ao is also known for its hospitality we learned that people from Curaà §ao are used to crowded rooms and houses and are happy with this fact because they have all kinds of family around them. You can also compare this to the personal space that Curaà §ao need. They are used to have a lot of people around them and Curaà §ao are not often by themselves, most of the time they have a whole group of family and friends around them, that means that they need to share a lot of things like rooms and belongings ND that they do not have a lot of personal space. Language Scraped culture embraces many languages and although Dutch is the official language of Curaà §ao we see that English, Spanish are also spoken all over the island. Besides that, many residents of Curaà §ao speak Appointment, a mixture of Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, French, English, and Arrack Indian. This language was first discovered in 1775 correspondences on the island and in 1802 the language was officially recognized. The word Appointment is derived from the Spanish appear which means to speak or to converse. The languages was original a language between slaves in the 17th century. Appointment is spoken on all kinds of levels in Curaà §ao society and is a key element in the identity of the island. Time: People from Curaà §ao are not very punctual; they do not take time very strict and have a ladybird attitude towards it. When you meet up with someone in Curaà §ao they are easily a quarter late because other things have come up in the meantime. Because it is very common to arrive late on the island, people from Curaà §ao do not have troubles with it, but when people from Curaà §ao arrive in other countries like The Netherlands, The United States or Asia they might come off as lazy or uninterested. History The original inhabitants of Curaà §ao were Arrack Meridians until a Spanish expedition under the leadership of Alonso De Qaeda set foot on the island in 1499. The Spaniards exported most of the indigenous population to other colonies where workers were needed. In 1634, the island was occupied by the Dutch. The Dutch West India Company made Curaà §ao a center for the Atlantic slave trade in 1662. The slave trade made the island affluent, and led to the construction of impressive Leonia buildings. Curaà §ao features architecture that blends Dutch and Spanish colonial styles. During the 18th and 19th centuries, the island changed hands among the British, the French, and the Dutch several times. Stable Dutch rule returned in 1815, at the end of the Napoleonic wars, when the island was incorporated into the colony of Curaà §ao and Dependencies. The Dutch abolished slavery in 1863. The end of slavery caused economic hardship, prompting many inhabitants of Curaà §ao to emigrate to other islands, such as to Cuba to work in sugarcane plantations, this all changed when oil as discovered in 1914 in the Marabou Basin town of Men Grandee. In recent years, the island had attempted to capitalize on its peculiar history and heritage to expand its tourism industry. In 1984 the Island Council of Curaà §ao inaugurated the National Flag and the official anthem of the island. This was done on July 2, which was the date when in 1954 the first elected island council was instituted. Since then, the movement to separate the island from the Antilles federation has steadily become stronger. I nee name curaà §ao Is earlier Trot ten spinals word Carbon (tons word means heart in Spanish) for the heart shape of the island. Later this name became which Curaà §ao, derived from the Portuguese word for heart, Core#o. Heritage Curaà §ao is literally a melting pot of different kinds of cultures and people. Curaà §ao is a very diverse in heritage and ethnicity. In fact, 50 different ethnic groups are living on the island of Curaà §ao. This leads to the island having a very rich and vibrant culture. The islands residents, most of which are of European or African descent, represent various cultural heritages and have strong sense of cultural awareness. The influence of European / Dutch culture on Curaà §ao is evident throughout the island, from the centuries-old colonial buildings to the remnants of plantation life seen in the lanthanide houses. Traditions and the local cuisine of Curaà §ao also demonstrate their cultural identity and the diversity of the Curaà §ao culture is the reason why people from the island are always very open and welcoming to foreigners are able to adapt in other countries easily. Way of living A lot of tourists and foreigners see Curaà §ao as a tropical paradise, but when you look loser you see an island that is terrorized by poverty, drug use and human trafficking. A lot of people in Curaà §ao do not have a lot of money to spend and they are living a poor life. Besides that we see a lot of drug use and drug trade in Curaà §ao, where a lot of drugs (especially cocaine) are shipped to European countries by boat or by airplane. What keeps them busy Curaà §ao people do all the things that we do on a regular day basis. They go to school or to work and when they come home they find time to relax or do other things for relaxation. What differs Curaà §ao from our country is that people from this island re big on spending quality time with family and on eating and drinking together. People from Curaà §ao can spend half a day in the kitchen to prepare a delicious meal for family and friends while in The Netherlands we get something delivered or quickly cook and eat our evening meal. How can the increased knowledge of another culture improve the work of a multicultural team? The reason you need knowledge of another culture to improve the work in a multicultural team is because you need to know a little of the other persons background to know what how they are and what they are used to. You need to know owe the other person in your team behaves, what he likes and dislikes and what he is used to, to work with him or her in harmony. T you ah not Know want tons person Is uses to Ana want nee Likes Ana Lossless, you can hurt him with little things he doesnt know of and that can influence the cooperation of you together. You can compare this with the communication model. When you send your co-worker a message it can be perceived wrong because of its culture, habits and customs and if you do not know this you can easily misunderstand the situation and mistreat the co worker that doesnt know what he has done wrong. In Curaà §ao culture for example it is normal to be 5 to 10 minutes to late when you meet up with someone, but if you do this in another country where time is taken very seriously then you might be in a lot of trouble for being late. When you are in a multicultural team you need to know this of each other so you can remind other that this is not the way things work in your own country. 2. Can this increased knowledge of another culture be utilized by a global organization and if so how? The increased knowledge we now have about Curaà §ao is really useful to a global organization.

The stock market crash of 1929

The stock market crash of 1929 Introduction The 1929 stock market crash led to the Great depression. Prior to the stock market crash capital in America was represented in form of stocks. Typically, corporations owned capital, which was in the form shares of stock. Investors traded their stocks at the New York stock exchange located on Wall Street. However, the stocks crashed in 1929 and affected the American economy greatly.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The stock market crash of 1929 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cause of the crash Overpriced stocks The value of stocks in the stock exchange market rose sharply to unprecedented levels in the 1920s. Consequently, between 1920 and 1929, the value of stocks more than quadrupled and investors’ interest in the stocks was aroused greatly and many borrowed huge amounts of many to invest in stocks. The investors purchased the stocks on margin. They bought on the margin because they were of the belief that the prices of the stock would remain on an upward trend and thus speculation rose and many investors bought the stocks. Eventually the prices began to fall when perceptive investors traded of their stocks. Thus, the high priced stocks were temporal (Bierman 1). Due to the falling stock prices, panic selling began and the value of stocks dropped drastically. Impact of stock crash on the economy The United States economy was greatly affected by the stock market crash. Both individuals and businesses had invested heavily in stocks and thus after the crash they lost their money. Many businesses closed down and individuals did not have money to purchase goods from those businesses that were still operational. The then president Hoover signed a treaty that increased tariff rates with the signing of the Smooth Hawley tariff. Consequently, other nations shunned American goods due to exorbitant prices Investors The sudden crash of the stock affected investors who had borrowed mo ney to invest in stocks greatly. Generally, the people could no longer afford to buy goods and the demand for the goods declined sharply. People felt poor because their stocks had lost value at the stock market and thus could not afford to buy goods. Furthermore, they could not make new investments because they could not sell the stocks due to people loss of trust in the stocks (Stock Market Crash 1). Banks Banks were greatly affected by the stock crash and chaos reigned in the banking sector. To begin with, banks rushed out to collect debts from investors who had borrowed to invest in the stock market yet their stocks had very little value. In addition, the banks had not been left behind in investing in the stock market and most had deposited huge amounts of money in stocks. Consequently, depositors also hurried to the banks to withdraw their money from the banks after learning that the banks also had huge deposits in the stock market in a bid to save their savings. The banks were hit hard by the huge savings collections and the Federal Reserve System could not bail all banks out. Thus, many banks started to fall between 1932 and 1933 (Stock Market Crash 1). The banking system in American had almost grinded to a halt in 1993 when Franklin Roosevelt took office. The depositors had lost about $140 billion after banks closures. Therefore, people did not accept payments in checks because it was not easy to tell which checks had worth (Stock Market Crash 1).Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More How long it lasted The chaos caused by the 1929 stock market crash lasted for about four years. After taking office Roosevelt ordered banks to close for three days and during this period, measures were taken to correct the situation and prevent it from recurring in the future. For instance, few banks that reopened had strict withdrawal limits. Ultimately, sanity and confid ence began to return to the banking systems. Conclusion The stock market crash in 1929 was great lesson to the American government on how not to run the banking system. Many measures were in place to ensure that banks would not put their customers’ deposits at risk by investing in the stock market. The measures would prevent a crash in stocks with similar magnitudes in the future. Bierman, Harold. The 1929 stock market crash. eh.net. 05 Feb. 2010. Web. Stock Market Crash. pbs.org. n.d. Web.

The emerging role of the nuclear medicine practitioner- enablers and Research Proposal

The emerging role of the nuclear medicine practitioner- enablers and barriers - Research Proposal Example There are three major types of people who are working and under the field of nuclear medicine, and they include, the nuclear physician, the nuclear medicine technologist, and the nuclear pharmacist. The nuclear physicians are responsible in diagnosing and treating a patient. Furthermore, they have the responsibility of carrying out research in this field of nuclear technology. The technician on the other hand, works with a patient, and he or she is a specialized individual who assists the physician in diagnosing and treating a patient. The pharmacist on the other hand, involves himself in the procurement, control, and distribution of radio-pharmaceutical products (Laake, Benestad & Olsen, 2007). This is an indication that this field on nuclear medicine is an independent specialty, and well organized, and hence it can cater for the needs of its patients. This paper is a proposal on the researcher to be carried out on the enablers and barriers to the practice of nuclear medicine. This paper takes a stand that in as much as there are some factors responsible for promoting the practice of nuclear medicine, there are also some barriers. One of the major challenges facing nuclear medicine is based on the dangers of radiation. Radiation is a very serious issue, and can have a very negative impact on the health of an individual. This includes the development of chronic diseases such as cancer, which are always difficult to treat. Furthermore, it is highly expensive to train nuclear medicine experts, and this is the reason there is a shortage of nuclear medicine practitioners in the world (Moniuszko & Patel, 2011). There is also a dilemma on where to place this field of nuclear medicine. This is because there is confusion on whether to categorize nuclear medicine under the field of medicine, or to give it an independent specialty.

People in Organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

People in Organizations - Essay Example We are all amateur psychologists, and the most successful influencers are able to assess accurately their target influencees, and adapt their influencing messages to suit them. Such adjustments lead to the creation of influencer-influencee rapport. The conversation of people who are in rapport flows, and both their body movements and their words become synchronized with each other. The recommendation to match the influencee so as to create rapport is itself based on the even broader notion of liking. This says that we like people like ourselves and, in consequence, will be more willing to comply with their requests (Aguinis, & Henle, 2001),. Not only do we know that people are different, but we also know that they are predictably different. Indeed, we spend a great deal of our time classifying them into broad types, and explaining the differences between the types. Every popular newspaper contains an astrological section which implies that Capricorns behave in one way and that Scorpios act in another. The twelve signs of the Zodiac represent one attempt at classifying people into personality types based on the time of the year in which they were born. How accurate or useful are they Historically, many attempts have been made to classify people according to their personalities. The Greek physician, Hippocrates, offered the temperaments model of personality. He believed that there were four basic personalities or temperaments - melancholic, choleric, sanguine and phlegmatic. In his view, each was determined by the amount and type of bile and phlegm that people possessed in their bodies (Aguinis, & Henle, 2001). Distinguishing Between Personality Types If you are to select a particular influencing approach on the basis of your target influencee's personality, then the personality framework employed has to be both easy to understand and simple to use. You need to be able to divide people into a very limited number of personality types or classes, based on the personality traits that they possess. In modern times, Carl Gustav Jung was the first to observe that people's behavior, rather than being individually unique, fitted into patterns, and that many of the seemingly random differences in human behavior were actually ordered and consistent (Lambert, 1996). It is obvious that any attempt to reduce personality into only four categories inevitably ignores the subtlety of human differences. On the other hand, anything more complex is unusable by an influencer. For this reason, in using these four personality stereotypes, one is inevitably trading accuracy off against ease of use. The framework does allow you to classify the individual whom you may wish to influence in a simple way using your observation of their behavior and the examination of their created work or home environment. Such information can then be immediately put into practice. Personality Testing One obvious way to understand the relationship of individual differences to work-related behavior is to examine the applied literature on personality testing in the workplace. Psychological tests, attempting to measure individual differences related to occupational behaviors, have been used for over 60 years, and there now exist nearly 80,000 occupational-related tests. Both world wars, particularly the second, were

Education and Testing Standards - Wisconsin Essay

Education and Testing Standards - Wisconsin - Essay Example The document provides objectives that teachers are expected to achieve and measured via the scores of their students. However, it does not dictate how these are to be taught. The strategy is left to the teacher to determine and implement. You will find, however, that there are three main points common in all grade levels: training students towards critical thinking, use of technology as aid to learning, and giving the students the confidence to learn, impart what they know, and ask questions and explore to know more. The measure of these standards is where each grade level differs. Reading and Writing for the early years of K-5 put emphasis on understanding the details of the text while later years concentrate on understanding the subtext, understanding the context, and analysing characters via their personal experience. Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium (ISLLC) Administrator Standards The CCS is a 13-page administrator standard that clearly defines the responsibilities of administrative officials involved in the education of children. Like CCS, it defines the expectations but does not provide for how these expectations are to be met. The document is pretty straight forward but very helpful for teachers in order to understand the point of view of administrators when they make decision and set direction of a school. There are always some differences between how teachers see things and how administrators will do things because of the very nature of their obligations. In summary, they have seven major concerns: (1) know the teachers’ objectives, how they can develop in their profession, teaching style, and how students see the student, (2) know the students in terms of knowledge, disposition, and performance, (3) nurture a school conducive for learning, (4) nurture a system that will help push the students forward, (5) establish relationship between the families and communities of students, (6) work with integrity, ethics and fairness, and (7) learn and work with a larger political, social, legal, and cultural perspective. Interstate New Teachers Assessment and Support Consortium (INTASC) Teachers Standards The INTASC is a 10-page teachers standard. It sets the minimum requirements of a teacher in terms of knowledge, character, and teaching skill. It does not set objectives on what a teacher must achieve at the end of a school year. It is a requirement on what a teacher should be to be able to effectively teach their courses to students and use the strategies set forth by the CCS. Of the 10 points, four are most likely the hardest to measure or determine: a teacher’s ability to set a collaborative learning environment, the use of both formal and informal assessment strategies, understand how students are different and still be able to come up with a strategy that would nurture all students, and understand how to be of help to the students on an intellectual, social and personal level without invading privacy. How t he Documents Are Similar Never the Details. These documents set the objectives that teachers and administrative personnel must achieve for students to learn what they are expected to possess for college and, eventually, the professional world. To a certain extent, it also provides the strategies that teachers can utilize to achieve the objectives but none of these documents provide specific steps on how to get to the